{"id":5932,"date":"2019-11-11T16:33:22","date_gmt":"2019-11-12T00:33:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.entremundos.org\/revista\/?p=5932&lang=en"},"modified":"2019-11-24T20:32:46","modified_gmt":"2019-11-25T04:32:46","slug":"micromachismos-another-type-of-violence-against-women","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.entremundos.org\/revista\/women\/micromachismos-another-type-of-violence-against-women\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"MicroMachismos: Another Type of Violence against Women"},"content":{"rendered":"

By: Karen Legrand<\/strong><\/p>\n

Guatemala is ranked as one of the most unsafe countries in the world for girls and women. According to the National Institute for Forensic Sciences (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Forenses, INACIF<\/em>), in 2018 there were 628 reports of crimerelated deaths of women, meaning that two women were killed a day, 45% of them between the ages of 18 and 34.<\/p>\n

Violence against women is rooted in different places, one of which is machismo. According to Marcela Lagarde, Latin American anthropologist and feminist, machismo is based on androcentrism, which has the social view that men and masculinity are superior to women, with more ability and utility. Machismo exalts certain male characteristics related to virility, emphasizing aggression, the use of harmful force, and sexual dominance.<\/p>\n

What are Micromachismos?<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to the psychologist Luis Bonino, micromachismos are subtle acts of violence that take place in daily life and are for the most part unperceived. Yet, they reflect and strengthen machista attitudes and the inequality of women with respect to men at a subconscious level.<\/p>\n

Bonino classifies micromachismos into four types.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Utilitarian<\/strong>: Principally related to the domestic environment and the care of others. They are based on the \u201cfeminine abilities\u201d of service and the characterization of their work as caretakers.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    You\u2019re a woman! You know how to cook! Good women keep a clean house!<\/em><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Hidden<\/strong>: Seek to impose \u201cmasculine truths,\u201d rendering the wills and desires of women invisible. They don\u2019t use force, but rather feelings, which brings women to keep on following the paths chosen for them by men, on the base of manipulation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Quiet! Dad\u2019s angry! I\u2019ll drive the pickup because it\u2019s big.<\/em><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Crisis-related<\/strong>: Used in moments of inequality in a relationship. These crises generally take place when women are conscious of their unequal position in the relationship. Given this process of concsiousness and empowerment of women, men should change their behavior in the relationship.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        It\u2019s your fault we always fight! You don\u2019t respect the fact that I\u2019m the man of the house!<\/em><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Coercive<\/strong>: In this type of micromachismo, the man uses his economic, moral, and emotional forc\u00e9 to exercise power over the woman. The main impact on women is the limitation of their freedom to make decisions. This is a clear example of the real impact of gender inequality on women.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          There\u2019s no way you\u2019re paying the bill! That\u2019s no way for a lady to act!<\/em><\/p>\n

          How is violence against women perpetuated?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Every day in the street, on the busses, and on media messages that normalize and strengthen gender inequality. For example, when girls and women walk through the street, they are forced to be the victim of multiple forms of harassment. For example, one micromachismo that normalizes this type of harassment would be: \u201cIt\u2019s her fault because she was dressed like that!\u201d or \u201cThat\u2019s what she gets for walking in the street alone!\u201d When we normalize violence, we strengthen gender-based inequalities and perpetuate the message that women can be roughed up, abused, raped, and harassed, and it\u2019s their fault.<\/p>\n

          Let\u2019s reflect. How many times have we shared, written or said something like the following, or how many times have they been said to us?<\/p>\n

          – You\u2019re prettier when you keep your mouth shut <\/em><\/p>\n

          – I can\u2019t take her today! It must be that time of the month <\/em><\/p>\n

          – She needs a man <\/em><\/p>\n

          – Woman at the wheel, constant danger <\/em><\/p>\n

          – Must be a woman <\/em><\/p>\n

          – You fight like a girl <\/em><\/p>\n

          – She only got that job because she slept with someone <\/em><\/p>\n

          – Women prefer bad guys <\/em><\/p>\n

          – Behind every great man is a great woman <\/em><\/p>\n

          – You should be a bit more feminine <\/em><\/p>\n

          – Being a mother is the best thing that could happen to a woman <\/em><\/p>\n

          – Dressed like that, she\u2019s looking for it <\/em><\/p>\n

          – Women are emotional and men are rational <\/em><\/p>\n

          – It was a crime of passion <\/em><\/p>\n

          – She has to show a little something to get a little something<\/em><\/p>\n

          If your answer is more than once, it means that you are being the victim of or perpetuating machista messages. \u201cMicro\u201d means small, but when we speak of micromachismos, we\u2019re referring to the subtleness with which the messages are spread. Machismo is not small. It is big and dangerous, and it kills.<\/p>\n

          What is the impact of micromachismos on the life of women?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Violence affects women on the individual, familial, community, and societal levels.<\/p>\n

          At the individual level,<\/strong> women who are victims of violence see their self esteem weakened and their self-image is harmed, which increases their insecurity and weakens their self-confidence. They lose their personal power and their ability to make decisions is limited.<\/p>\n

          At the familial level<\/strong>, the perpetuation of machismo affects the power relations between mom and dad, sending a message to children that reinforces gender inequality. For example: \u201cYour sister has to serve you!\u201d \u201cHousework is for women!\u201d \u201cThe boy can go out alone, but the girl no!\u201d This way of raising children strengthens the idea of power over women and reinforces the submission and obedience of girls.<\/p>\n

          At the community level<\/strong>, machismo limits the participation of women and their decision making in spaces like board rooms and Community Councils on Rural and Urban Development (COCODE), and even their ability to vote for and be voted into office in local decision-making spaces, leaving the creation and management of projects, public policies, and\/ or programs for women in the hands of masculine logic.<\/p>\n

          At the societal level<\/strong>, we see daily news about sexual violence, human trafficking, kidnappings and femicides. Forced motherhood is a crime, but thousands of girls are forced into motherhood by the simple fact that they\u2019re women. This confirms yet again that Guatemala is an unsafe country for girls and women, and indigenous women.<\/p>\n

          How to eliminate machismo from our everyday language and behavior?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          One of the most important stems is to be conscious of what we say, hear, see on social networks, and what the media tells us about \u201chow to be a man or woman.\u201d<\/p>\n

          Being conscious means reflecting on and questioning the \u201cmodes\u201d or \u201cnorms\u201d imposed on our sexuality. Thus, we need to start to be more self-critical of our everyday relationships; stop blaming women for being raped or mistreated; read alternative media sources; and investigate women\u2019s movements in our communities, neighborhoods, or cities and the demands that they make at all political, economic, and social levels.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          By: Karen Legrand Guatemala is ranked as one of the most unsafe countries in the world for girls and women. According to the National Institute for Forensic Sciences (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Forenses, INACIF), in 2018 there were 628 reports of crimerelated deaths of women, meaning that two women were killed a day, 45% of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5920,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[453,1806,422],"tags":[1353,1218,1401,1840],"class_list":["post-5932","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-frontpage-en","category-social-situation","category-women","tag-feminism","tag-human-rights","tag-machismo","tag-violence-against-women"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.entremundos.org\/revista\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/micromachismos.jpg?fit=5333%2C3842&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7ljt7-1xG","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":6153,"url":"https:\/\/www.entremundos.org\/revista\/environment\/megaprojects-en\/lain-ut-laat-laat-ut-lain-healing-you-i-heal-myself-healing-me-you-heal-yourself\/?lang=en","url_meta":{"origin":5932,"position":0},"title":"Lain ut laat, laat ut lain Healing you, I heal myself; Healing me, you heal yourself","author":"EntreMundos","date":"2 febrero, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Roundtable with Lorena Cabnal and Alex V\u00e1squez, members of TZK\u2019AT, the Land-Based Community Feminism Network of Ancestral Healers from Iximulew. 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